Bengali language Wikipedia4569
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Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. However, a majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use a different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. During the standardisation of Modern Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata, a city founded by the British. Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti, Chittagonian and Chakma, have contrastive tone; differences in the pitch of the speaker’s voice can distinguish words.
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Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives. The West-Central dialects (Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form the basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. Modern Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia, with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Focus on understanding spoken Bengali in different contexts – formal speech, casual conversation, and regional accents.
Future Tense (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল – Bhobishyot Kaal)
The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words. While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. https://banglabet-bd.com/login/ What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District.
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In these consonant-vowel ligatures, the so-called “inherent” vowel ɔ is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম mɔ. Similarly, the graphs মা ma, মী mi, মু mu, মূ mu, মৃ mri, মে me~mɛ, মৈ moj, মো mo and মৌ mow represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. For example, the graph মি mi represents the consonant m followed by the vowel i, where i is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar) and is placed before the default consonant sign. These allographs, called কার kar, are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô, may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in the final ন in মন mon or the medial ম in গামলা ɡamla). To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it, a special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্), may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ m).
- In the context of Bengali romanisation, it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription.
- As the spelling often doesn’t reflect the actual pronunciation, transliteration and transcription are often different.
- The Bengali consonant clusters (যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn) are usually realised as ligatures, where the consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows.
- Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in the east to Meherpur in the west.
The Bengali script in general has a comparatively shallow orthography when compared to the Latin script used for English and French, i.e., in many cases there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) of Bengali. Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in the east to Meherpur in the west. There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). For example, in মই moj “ladder” and in ইলিশ iliʃ “Hilsa fish”, the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent formি).
About 45% per cent of Bengali words are unmodified Sanskrit, and the remaining words are from foreign languages. In this sense, all nouns in Bengali, unlike most other Indo-European languages, are similar to mass nouns. An appropriate measure word (MW), a classifier, must be used between the numeral and the noun (most languages of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area are similar in this respect). Romani grammar is also closer to Bengali grammar than to that of western Indo-Aryan languages. Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, or IAST system (based on diacritics); “Indian languages Transliteration”, or ITRANS (uses upper case letters suited for ASCII keyboards); and the National Library at Kolkata romanisation. The script is known as the Bengali alphabet for Bengali and its dialects and the Assamese alphabet for Assamese language with some minor variations.
It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam. It is primarily spoken by the Bengali people, native to the Bengal region (Bangladesh, India’s West Bengal) as well as in Barak Valley in Assam and Tripura in South Asia.
The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels. Bengali exhibits diglossia, though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. The standard literary form of Modern Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in Shantipur region of the Nadia district.
The Bengali consonant clusters (যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn) are usually realised as ligatures, where the consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô, three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation.
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